Thursday, December 20, 2012

Lord of the Uttermost Limit

Question: Who is Neb-er-tcher?

Nebertcher is a title borne by a few different gods in the ancient Egyptian religion; it means "lord of the furthest place" or "lord of the uttermost limit", meaning that its bearer is the owner or creator of all of creation. It's been used variously for different gods depending on their functions, and some scholars are still trying to figure out if it was originally a completely separate god of its own or was always just an epithet used for others.

The god most frequently referred to as Nebertcher is Ra (or Amun-Ra, or Atum-Ra, any of the many combinations of Ra). In the Book of Overthrowing Apep, the creation of the world is recounted as being performed by Nebertcher, who also displays many familiar signs of the myths of Ra - being self-created and henceforth creating humanity out of loneliness, creating Shu and Tefnut, being related to Khepri as an alternate form of himself, creating the Eye that shed light but was then lost to him when it wandered off, and so forth. Scholars have occasionally also posited that this might be referring to Ptah as creator god, since the creation is accomplished via the sacred words of Nebertcher just as Ptah's sacred words were considered the force of creating in his cults, rather than the more popular image of Ra masturbating the world into existence.

At other times, however, it's clear that Nebertcher is being used to refer to Osiris; because he had died but was reborn and was believed to do so in concert with the cycles of fertility around the Nile, he was strongly associated with the title as the god who caused the life-giving plants to grow and allowed humanity to live - literally, a creator of life. As Nebertcher, Osiris was worshiped as a fertility god whose sacrifice and return granted the world the ability to bear life again. His attachment to the title is a slightly later one, beginning around the fifth dynasty in the Old Kingdom, but he was still probably given the name fairly popularly.

And, of course, because Nebertcher is a title that implies dominion over all of creation, it was used by Egyptian Christians starting in the first century AD to refer to their one mighty monotheistic god, which may have further muddied the waters. Most references to Nebertcher are from Coptic religious materials and are actually talking about the Christian god, with comparatively few (but strong!) ones dating back to the Egyptian polytheism that preceded them.

It's also entirely possible (as it's always possible with Egyptian myth, in which no one can make up their minds and maybe everybody is actually somebody else) that Nebertcher might have originally been a separate god entirely who only later was strongly absorbed into the myths of Ra and Osiris. We don't have any attestations of Nebertcher in which he isn't obviously aligned with one of the gods above, but that doesn't mean it couldn't have happened; it's possible that the original figure of Nebertcher was some primordial creation Titan who only later was syncretized with Ra and Osiris and began to fade from the memory of humanity.

As far as using him in a Scion game, we'd recommend just considering Nebertcher to be an epithet of Ra (later occasionally borrowed by his homeboy Osiris) - or, if you really want to run with the Coptic connection, that it's either an epithet for the Christian god or perhaps Aten mucking around in Egyptian monotheism again. Nothing Nebertcher actually does in myth isn't covered by that, so unless you have a really amazing idea for a plot in which he's a separate figure, it's probably easiest not to overcomplicate this one.

Seriously, Egyptian myth already gives you way plenty of opportunities to complicate things as it is.

3 comments:

  1. I started reading a cheap book of Egyptian myths by a historian named Budge who talked about Neb-er-tcher and how he became Kephera (sort of a version of the Jesus story)and created the world. I just wanted to know if Budge painted the myth with Christian bias and if the book is still worth reading.

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    1. Aha, it all becomes clear!

      Budge is actually really notorious for his theory that all the Egyptian gods are just aspects of one great god - in essence, that the ancient Egyptians were basically monotheists who just happened to express their one god in a lot of ways. Modern students and scholars of Egyptian myth have pretty much discarded that theory by this point, though it's still espoused by a few around the fringe.

      But, Budge was also a giant in the field of Egyptology in his day, and he published a lot of the beginning material on the Egyptian religion and hieroglyphs; in fact, he was one of the only scholars of his time who believed that the Egyptians were actually Africans, as opposed to secretly descended from Europeans (a popular theory among nineteenth-century Europeans, who didn't believe that Africans could have been as sophisticated and awesome as the Egyptians were).

      He's definitely still worth reading; just remember that a lot of his findings are old and may have been contradicted by later researchers and archaeologists, and that he does have a bit of a monotheistic bias.

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    2. so remember to take his monotheistic gushing with a grain of salt, and remember that the myths are talking about seperate gods.

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