Monday, April 28, 2014

Fox in the Henhouse

Question: Recently I've been trying to stat up Inari-no-okami for the Kami and I've run into a problem. The three associations needed for Legend 12 are easy (Animal (Fox), Magic and Fertility), but beyond that I'm having trouble distinguishing between things Inari itself does and things its kitsune messengers do, such as shapeshifting or power over fire and lightning. What do you think? Should Inari have Illusion, Fire or Sky, or do its kitsune have a wider variety of powers than it does?

Well, to start with, we agree: Animal (Fox), Fertility and Magic are totally in Inari's wheelhouse. Let's go from there!

First of all, because you bring it up a lot in your question obliquely, it's always worthwhile to talk about Inari's gender, because there is a whole ton of confusion and misinformation and interpretation that goes into how that particular deity is presented in Japanese mythology and whether or not it can be called male, female, or gender-fluid or changeable. English-language studies on Inari, especially older ones, tend to refer to the god as male most of the time; most likely this is because those writing those studies were European outsiders who were inclined to apply a fixed gender to all deities they studied, and who gravitated naturally toward males unless a god was specifically said to be female. Many - in fact most - of the other gods of Shinto are specific and unchanging in their gender, which is often a major part of their stories, but Inari is frequently referred to as either masculine or feminine, indeterminate, or capable of changing between those options at will. Inari's not one of the oldest gods of Shinto (our first confirmed dates are in the early eighth century), but old enough that modern, heavily Buddhist ideas of gender roles probably weren't strongly in effect yet. Inari's modern form is probably a composite figure composed of several different fertility deities, all of them originally separate local gods but later considered aspects of one - most notably, some scholars conflate Inari with Uke Mochi, although obviously we have her off on her own in Ourea as a Titan Avatar.

But anyway, Inari is a truly gender-fluid deity. Some Scions (and other gods, and mortals) might experience the god as male, others as female, others as having no idea one way or the other or seeing elements of both. Regardless of how your game represents Inari, though, you should probably never use "it" to refer to the god. That suggests no gender at all, which is not applicable here, and while some crusty old scholars use the word because English doesn't have good gender-fluid pronouns, in practice it's probably pretty insulting and Inari probably wouldn't appreciate it. Nobody likes being called by a word that implies they have more in common with objects than people; doing so to refer to a god will probably land you on a divine retribution list pretty quickly, especially if you do it to the god's face.

But, back to Inari's associations! Fire and lightning are tangential associations, even for kitsune; even foxfire isn't really fire but more of an optical illusion, so we wouldn't apply either to Inari. However, the god does do a lot of shapeshifting - in addition to appearing as various genders, Inari also turns up as various animals, monsters and even plants, suggesting that there's no confining the deity to a single shape for long. The eternal problem of how to handle shapeshifting in Scion rears its head again; Appearance probably isn't a great fit, since there aren't very many stories suggesting Inari is more visually crazy than other gods, so we would probably tentatively go with Illusion, since that's not only a kitsune feature but also one that Inari's myths often rely on. Inari also has several shrines dedicated to worshiping the god as a curer of disease and giver of children, which could point to Health, although that seems like an outgrowth of the general prosperity idea and we're not sure it's strong enough for a full association.

That leaves us without any firm Epic Attributes to assign to the god, and without more research than we have time for right now (alas, Japan is still not updated on our site!), we can't give you super firm recommendations. Inari is insanely popular, especially with modern businesses, so you might want to go with Charisma, which might also be supported by the god's association with performance and pleasure; Manipulation might be supported by the stories of Inari intentionally pulling capers and tricks in order to teach people lessons or enjoy their bewilderment. Wits is a general fox characteristic, so while we don't have any good support for it from stories, it might be a stopgap option if you need to take the god live for players before you have time to do a ton of work on it.

Kitsune, as a general magical race of creatures, are very common in folkloric stories and therefore do have an expanded powers thanks to the wide range of stories about them. But Inari is a little more specific and has tales that are all the god's own, so we wouldn't assume that the deity necessarily needs associations for everything the little messengers who serve the god might do.

17 comments:

  1. Funny, I was in the middle of trying to do the same thing. Do you happen to have any links or names of good sources lying around for sharing? Because so far, while I have been able to find a lot of information about what kind of god/goddess Inari is, I have found close to no active myths where Inari does stuff.
    Which is a shame, because I really want Inari to enter his/her rightful place as a major god of the Kami!

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    1. Sure! They're out there, just a little difficult to find, especially since the kitsune themselves are so much more pop-culture friendly. Hadland's Myths & Legends of Japan is out of print and available online for free, and contains at least two stories of Inari's travails, one in which the god is disguised as a beggar and rewards a woman who was kind to her secret benefactor by granting her the ability to have a child, and another in which Inari shapechanges into both a wandering priest and a monstrous spider to frighten a tight-fisted old man into sharing his great wealth with the needy. (It's an old book, though, so you'll have to suffer through some pretty obvious writer bias and old-white-dudeisms.)

      That's the only one I know of you can jump into for free online, but if you get a chance to grab Picken's Historical Dictionary of Shinto, it mentions a myth in which the notoriously wealthy Hata clan witnesses Inari perform several miracles with rice and transformations and therefore dedicates a shrine to the god, and a side mention of the theory that Inari might be the father of Kushinada, whom Susanoo marries after slaying the Yamato-no-Orochi.

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    2. Thanks a lot!
      I'm really interested in Inari these days, so this gives for some awesome stuff to read.

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  2. How long has the word "It" had negative and genderless connotations?

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    1. We're not linguists or sociologists, so you would probably need to consult one of those for anything you couldn't Google as easily as we could. Certainly, modern English usage now carries both connotations, so unless you're playing in a period game, they apply.

      Inari is Japanese, so English wouldn't have been used to refer to the god at all until at least the seventeenth century (more likely not widespread until the nineteenth century) thanks to Japan's isolationist policy during the Tokugawa era. It'd be pretty silly to try to construct any kind of ancient or even kinda-old history for Inari and English pronouns, since they probably don't have any.

      We would assume Inari is not stupid, however, and understands modern English usage perfectly well, so use language carelessly at your own risk. Inari certainly has gender, so using a genderless pronoun is probably not a great idea, just like you wouldn't appreciate it if someone did it to you.

      Japanese does have several pronouns that can be used for multiple genders, though, so you could always play it safe and only speak to Inari in that language!

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  3. I was the one who asked this and I just want to say, I'm really embarrassed about the use of the word "it" I should know better, I guess I forgot that gods are people too in a way. I must say I really do applaud the way you called me out for that, you guys are always so aware of issues like that, its heartwarming =).

    If youre curious I've gone with magic, animal (fox), illusion, fetility and epic manipulation (I feel that epic fits best due to inari's associations with business and wealth as well as their tricksiness). I'm now trying to decide on associated abilities and was wondering if you had any input? So far I'm considering politics and animal ken for obvious reasons but I can't really think of anything else appropriate.

    Thanks again for answering and standing up for gender issues, kudos to you!

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    1. How about Survival? As a god/goddess of fertility and the cultivation of the fields, that seems pretty appropriate. And perhaps Art, for her/his old association with blacksmiths and artisans?

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    2. I was going to suggest both of those, Mathias! :) For the last two, I would maybe round things out with Occult, for all the magical shenanigans surrounding Inari, and maybe Medicine to cover the occasional associations with healing and childbirth.

      Hey, no worries, English is a clunky language. Lord knows I've used it wrong.

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  4. Do you think Inari belongs magical fox club along with other fox/trickster gods.

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    1. Well, depends on what you mean by "magical fox club". I'm not sure they have a clubhouse, go to meetings and plan the magical fox agenda, or anything. There aren't a ton of fox deities, and they're pretty culturally spread out, so we probably wouldn't consider them likely to be hanging out all the time or anything.

      There definitely are other god deities, though! The Miwok of Northern California have the silver fox-goddess Kwahn (who actually also appears as a male deity in some other nearby North American cultures), the Anishinaabe of the northeastern New England area have the grandmother fox deity Wakoshi-Mitimoye, and of course Ninhursag among the Anunna famously uses foxes as familiars and messengers, just for startes. Any of them might get along with Inari better than other gods thanks to their shared slyness and animal attributes - or get along worse in a spirit of competition, depending on your ST!

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    2. If I were going to institute a "theme god" club. I'd go for all the gods with Raven or ravens as a major part of their legend.
      Those guys could fill a major entertainment venue :)

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  5. Thanks for this! I'm always interested in learning more about the kami, and Inari is a name I see a lot. :)

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    1. Incidentally, that link to the Myths and Legends of Japan is going to be very helpful. I've got a daughter of Amaterasu approaching Legend 8 and this link is going to help me come up with mythic stuff for her. :)

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  6. Inari also has one of the most famous and breathtaking shrines in all of Japan (IMHO) in the form of the Fushimi Inari No Jinja (aka the Fushimi Inari-taisha), which is a conglomeration of dozens of Inari shrines built on the side of a mountain with forest pathways between them. Those pathways have been so fully lined with torii (shinto sacred gates) that they have been turned into orange tunnels from the sheer density. Each gate is donated by a business and bears the name and an invocation to Inari on the lintel and posts of the gate. I'm sure wikipedia and google will pull up good image results for the awesomeness that is the head shrine of such an interesting god.

    Also, side note, the question of Inari's gender and appropriate pronoun is significantly less of an issue in Japanese, which would have simply referred to Inari with proper nouns and epithets rather than ever using he, she, or it. Could this linguistic feature be why gender-bender plots are so popular in Anime? Or is it because Inari Okami WILLS IT TO BE SO?!

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  7. On the one hand, gender roles seem to be as well defined as in the west, (the tradition of a woman being required to walk two paces behind her husband), but there also seems to be ambiguous (Kei, the subculture that advocates androgyny). So interesting contrasts and complexities.

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    1. Every culture has complicated gender constructions and roles, not all of them binary and only concerned with male/female. :)

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